1. Data for 2012

Earliest data should be from Li Hongjie's 2012 graduate thesis "Investigation of Genetic Diversity of Y Chromosomes in Ancient Populations in North China".

This article first published article “The paternal genetic diversity of ancient hengbei population in Jiangxian County, Shanxi Province is high. In total, 3 groups of haplotypes N, O and Q were found in 22 people. In total, haplotype group O was found. Three groups of subhaplotypes, including 2 cases of O2, 6 cases of O3 and 4 samples belonging to O, do not have mutations in three O1- M119, O2-M95 and O3-M122, which are divided into O* haplotype group. Nine samples belonged to Q haplotype group, and T → C mutation occurred in M-120 site, which was classified as Q1a1 haplotype group.” The discovered haplogroup Q1a1 may come from "Rongdi", STR and SNP of these 22 people are presented in this article.

II. Data for 2014

In 2014, Zhao Yongbin, Li Hongjie et al. published English version of paper "Ancient DNA Evidence Shows Y Chromosome Haplogroup Q1a1 Mixed with Han Chinese 3,000 Years Ago" "Ancient DNA Evidence Shows Q1a1 Y-Chromosome Haplogroup chromosomes "Han Chinese nationality" mixed with Han people 3,000 years ago analyzed classes and burial postures of 27 ancient people, and amount of data increased compared to 2012 (2012 article included 22 people).

There are three classes: Noble (noble), Commoner (commoner) and Slave (slave).

There are two types of postures: Prostration (bend over to dig in) and Lying on your back (get up to dig in).

The details of these 27 individuals are as follows:

There are 6 nobles, including Q1a1-M120 (3), O2a-M324 (1), O2a2-P201 (1) and N (1).

There are 14 civilians, including Q1a1-M120 (8), O-M175 (3) and O2a2-P201 (3).

There are 7 slaves, including four types: O2a-M324 (3), O1b-M95 (2), O2a2-P201 (1) and O-M175 (1).

Looking at overall distribution, as of 2014, Q1a1-M120 are mostly nobles and commoners, O-M175 and O2a2-P201 are mostly commoners, O2a-M324 and O1b-M95 are mostly slaves.

But this time data caused a lot of controversy: firstly, marks M1-M22 have nothing to do with archaeological number and are confusing, and secondly, what for JH3 specimen (this specimen is O2a). , according to archaeological data, it is assumed that this person should be buried with him by people who are considered to belong to a noble aristocrat.

3. Data for 2018

In 2018, Yang Xuan's master's thesis "Genomic Studies of Ancient Populations at Western Zhou Cemetery in Hengshui, Jinnan District" has been updated with more information and improved clarity.

In article, one of three high-ranking nobles is a married daughter of same clan of Zhou king, and other two are uncles. , which implies high status of hostess in tomb and kinship with nobles of Zhou dynasty; owner of tomb M2 was buried with 3 tripods and 1 hui, while owner of tomb M2158 was buried with 8 tripods and 2 hui.

Carbon isotope analysis “The population of this cemetery is dominated by C4 food (mainly millet, millet, corn, etc. note: here is a list of corn related to C4 plants, not to mention that eat corn in this cemetery), some people contain some C3 food (mainly rice, wheat, most vegetables and fruits, etc.)". This shows that diet of these people is mainly consists of four-carbon millet, millet and other Central Plains crops.

Analysis of the nutritional status of nitrogen shows that "animal protein intake shows: noble tomb owners> common people tomb owners; martyrs in uncle's tomb > those who died in uncle's tomb; late crowd > early crowd ."

More information about the Y-chromosome and grave goods abounds, specific information:

The results of data are amazing: 3 nobles buried on tripods, all Q1a1a1a(3), among 6 ordinary people: Q1a1a1a(5), C2b1b(1); 4 martyrs - O2a2b1a2a1(1) , O2a2b1a1a (1), O1a(1), C2b1(1). It is believed in article that Q1a1a1a may be descended from descendants of cultural group ulanzuuh (ulanzuuh) in Mongolian pastures. Grassland Q-M120 Crowd is of same opinion.

Comparing data for 2018 with data for 2014, you can get following information:

Q1a is an uncle, and Q1a has highest social status, being most or all nobles.

Most civilians are of Q1a type, and some are of a non-Q type.

O made up all or most of slaves. These servants and slaves were mostly natives.

The article also analyzes autosomes of tomb owner and martyr, and it is believed that there are no differences in autosomes between them: “Hengshui_Z and Hengshui_X have no obvious differences and are grouped with current population of East Asia. .There is a certain similarity in above, which shows that owner of tomb and martyr can be considered as a group of people for analysis”

You can see from PCA graph that they are basically in same position, which indicates that autosomes of nobles and slaves are not very different, but paternal Y of these two is really very different, nobles are Q, and slaves are mostly Oh, a few C's.

Using impurity analysis software, it can also be seen that autosomes of different classes of Chinese are close.