In journal "MOLECULAR BIOLOGY" (Molecular Biology) for 2016 "Gene pool of Siberian Tatars: five ways of origin of five sub-ethnic groups" (Gene pool of Siberian Tatars: five branches, respectively, from five sources), origin of indigenous peoples (Tatars) of Siberian region is presented .

1. Object of study

In work, 388 Siberian Tatars from five tribal groups were studied: Isker-Tobol (N = 68), Yalutorovskaya (N = 86), Bukhara (N = 79), Ishtyak-Tokuz (N = 69) and Zabolotny (N = 86).

All these tribes cover all branches of Siberian Tatars, all located in Siberia. The place of distribution indicated in article is as follows:

2. Paternal characteristics of five main Tatar tribes

The paternal characteristics of these five Tatar groups are given in article. It is surprising that although they are all branches of Siberian Tatars, genes of these five tribes are very different.

Paternal genetic characteristics of five Siberian Tatar tribes:

①The article assumes that Isker-Tobol Tatars: ancient Siberian gene pool and migrations from Europe: that is, Isker-Tobol Tatars come from Old Siberian gene pool and European immigrants, and R1a1a-M198 European immigrants (24%) and local Q-M242 (16%) and N1c1a-M178 (15%) were three largest phyla.

②Siberian Bukhara Tatars: unexpected ancestors from Caucasus. This part of Siberian Bukhara Tatars Tatars: an unexpected origin from Caucasus region, of which G2a-P15 (41%) is largest type, especially its lower reaches G2a2b2a-P303 (35%), followed by J2-M172 (9%), E1b1b1a1 -M78 (8%) and I2a1-P37 (3%) are all from south (possibly related to Caucasoid population).

③Yalutorovsk Siberian Tatars: Western Asian origin. The more distinctive Yalutorov Tatars are ancestors of West Asian ones, of which J2-M172 make up up to 36% and 13% E1b1b1a1-M78, G2a-P15 and J1-M267. Of course, this opinion is not necessarily correct. Because it is known that ancient Turks also had a certain proportion of J2.

④Ishtyak-Tokuz sub-ethnic group: ancient Siberian ancestry, this part of Tatars is descendant of ancient Siberians, up to 37.7% Q-M242 is its most prominent feature, Q is considered indigenous population of Siberia.

⑤Marsh Tatars: from Northern Urals to Southern Siberia, from Urals in north to Siberia in south, up to 80.2% of individuals belong to N1c2b-P43, this type is more common among Uralic-speaking residents.

3. Are there traces of ancient Xianbi in Siberia?

As natives of Siberia, five main Tatar tribes were natives before arrival of Russian expansion.

From point of view of their paternal line, these ancient Tatars had many ancient oriental gene types, among which N1c1a-M178, N1c2b-P43 and Q-M242 were from East, but starting from 30,000-6,000 years ago, type , which has long settled in Siberia, can be considered aboriginal.

C2-M217, O2-M122, O1b-P31 and other types that may indeed represent medieval Eastern conquerors are related to medieval East Asian Mongols, but these types are very weak, of which C2 accounts for 2.3% and O2 accounts for 1.2%, O1b - 0.6%. In Middle Ages, Mongolian rulers from East Asia had about 4% influence on paternal genes. Almost one in 25 Tatars was of Mongolian origin. (For comparison, influence of Mongol rulers on Russians is approximately 0.2%, and there is one Mongol descendant for every 500 people)

Some other common genes in China (East Asia), including C2s1a1a-M407 (upstream of Nanzhidayanhan type), N1a2a-M128 (presumably Zhou royalty type), Q1a1a1-M120 (Bronze Age pasture type in Eastern Asia), C2s - The frequency of occurrence of F1756 (a common type in donghu) in Siberian Tatars is 0, and its influence was not noticed.

Do Siberian Tatars have traces of Xianbi? The conclusion is disappointing. Comparison of ancient and modern genes shows that ancient Xianbeis are not related to Siberian natives.

Currently known ancient Xianbei, including ancient DNA of Xianbei people at Mushroom Mountain, Dalai Nuoer, Chenwugou, Zhang Heshuo and other places, as well as data on graves of ancient Xianbei people such as Tuobawei and Yuwenong, all of which are 100 people. %% C2-F1756 and downstream products. Among five Tatar tribes of Siberia, frequency of C2c-P53.1 (now C2-F1756) is 0, which means that there are no traces of Xianbei paternal lineage among Siberians.

The name of Siberia comes from Siberian Khanate, which was founded by Ibak, eldest son of Genghis Khan (zhu). It first appeared around 1400 AD. and in terms of time has nothing to do with Xianbi. In recent years, online articles linking two have been far too contrived. It is more than 3,000 kilometers from ancestral home of Tuoba Xianbei people (Gaxian Cave in Greater Khingan), and it is very likely that Xianbei language never reached this distant land.