Earlier, there was an opinion on Internet that inhabitants of ancient Shandong region were white, and later, with development of history, they were gradually replaced by yellow people. This view is undoubtedly erroneous. The earliest paper records in Shandong refer to Bianbianshan site 9,500 years ago, which is a typical East Asian autosome. Below we present this erroneous opinion and process of correction based on publication of scientific articles over past years.

1. The main method of mitochondrial typing

Mitochondrial mtDNA can be divided into coding and non-coding regions, and non-coding region is called control region (control

Region, abbreviated CR), also known as D-loop (displacement loop region, abbreviated D-loop). There are two hypervariable regions in D ring, called hypervariable region I (hypervariable region I) and hypervariable region II (hypervariable region II). It is often said that mtDNA type analysis aims to distinguish between these two regions.

2. Analysis of errors in research papers of University of Tokyo in 2000

"The genetic structure of 2500-year-old human population in China and its spatio-temporal changes" (China 2500 years ago, genetic structure of ancient population and its temporal and spatial changes), this article is considered that maternal mtDNA of the ancient people of Lens ( lensi) in Shandong 2500 years ago is close to European populations such as Germany, Portugal and Wales.

The research method is to obtain ancient mitochondrial DNA in Linzi, Shandong Province, which was 2500 years ago and 2000 years ago, according to “Based on phylogenetic network, we have identified six radiation groups. These six groups can be characterized by five nucleotide sites 16217, 16223, 16304, 16319 and 16362" (based on phylogenetic tree of network software, we have identified 6 radiation groups that can be labeled with 5 nucleotide points, 16217, 16223, 16304, 16319 and 16362) .Its method is as follows:

Objectively speaking, today this method seems crude and undesirable. Even in year 2000, this may not be latest technology, because we saw that around year 2000, high resistance technologies began to be introduced. Region I division type has changed.

The paper further states that 65% (22 out of 34) of 2500-year-old Linji population belong to group IV, while none of 2000-year-old population and only 8% of modern Linji population belong to this group ( 65% or 22/34 of ancient linzi before 2500 belonged to type 4, while none of ancient linzi before 2000, 8% of modern linzi population belonged to this type), article gets startling insight that demographic changes have taken place. They give distribution of 6 types of individual populations.

The biggest problem with this 2000 article is that its division is based only on a rough division of Web software domain. Its type IV (type 4) actually corresponds to position of type R mitochondria and gives the clustering pattern (below).

The reason for this result is that H, V, J, T, U, K of European whites and B and F of East Asian yellows are downstream of R type, so only R type Layer can't actually distinguish between whites and yellows colors, and author automatically classifies all Rs as white.

Third, 2003 Chinese Academy of Sciences article corrects 2000 article

In 2003, Yao Yonggang of Kunming Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences published an article entitled "Reconstructing China's Evolutionary History: A Caution Against Inferences Drawn from Ancient DNA" in same journal of Molecular Biology and Evolution Association )” (“Reconstructing China’s Evolutionary History: A Caution on Extracting Ancient DNA”), article raised objections to some previous attempts to reconstruct ancient Chinese history that violated DNA common sense in terms of extraction methods.

The article does not hide its point of view. The first paragraph explicitly states that Wang et al. (2000) investigated “temporal changes in genetic structure of human populations over past 2500 years in China using mtDNA. "(Wang Li et al. used mtDNA sequences to study changes in genetic structure of ancient Chinese over 2500 years), this view is absurd.

The article notes that, leaving aside potential problems with authenticity of ancient DNA, their data merit further analysis for two reasons. First, four of their six radiation groups (from I to IV) are paraphyletic. Second, reported mtDNA control region hypervariable segment I (HVS-I) sequences were shortened to 185 bp segments. for phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA haplotypes and up to 172 bp segments. East Asian mtDNA haplogroups in a number of cases (in addition to reliability of ancient DNA samples, their data deserve further discussion for two reasons. Firstly, 4 out of 6 of their radiation groups (from I to IV) belong to paraphyletic groups (Secondly, hypervariable fragment I (HVS-I) in mitochondrial DNA control region in paper was shortened and added to a 185 bp fragment for phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA haplotypes. In addition, 172 bp fragment is main mtDNA haplogroups in Europe and East Asia.)

An article by Yao Yungang and others from Chinese Academy of Sciences analyzes reason why a 2000 paper misclassifies ancient linzi DNA as professionally white. This is due to paraphyletic (paraphyletic) method they use. Types that share a common ancestor cannot be used to distinguish between lower types. (U and H for Caucasians, B and F for East Asians, they are all Rs in general. If you measure only level of R, then it is completely impossible to distinguish Caucasians from Chinese)

For a simple example of paternal lineage, O China and O Japan are both O. Only level of O is measured, and it is not possible to distinguish between Chinese and Japanese. This characteristic is called paraphyletic. (paraphyletic), or called side sensitivity.

The article analyzes same batch of human bones (same batch of materials) and specifies exact type of these Shandong ancients. As we expected, so-called western type in article The actual main mtDNA group of ancient people (liakh) 2500 years ago was B4 and B5, and group of ancient people 2000 years ago (isi) was actually mainly F (F2a) group), to distinguish impossible between Europeans and Chinese.

In 2003, data of Professor Yao Yungang from Chinese Academy of Sciences were as follows:

Fourth, last article of 2021 on matrilineal mt-data of ancient people of Shandong Province

The latest 2021 paper, "Maternal Genetic Structure in Ancient Shandong between 9,500 and 1,800 Years A.D.", discusses ancient mtDNA in Shandong area for almost 10,000 years, and proves 2003 paper correct from a different angle, Shandong for almost 10,000 years ago, region never had common matrilineal types (such as H, V, J, T, U, K, etc.) in ancient times, but a large number of B and F types that are closely related to H and W.

This article analyzes data from a total of 11 sites from earliest Bianbianshan in 9500 to Yixi in 1800. According to these data, mtDNA in Shandong area is mostly contiguous, but B, F, and M7 in early Han Dynasty are larger If there are more of them, then this is just a change in proportions. The so-called white matriarchy did not exist for 9000+ years.

The article analyzes type B5b, this matrilineal type that has existed in Shandong since 9500. In modern populations, this type is still found in North Chinese Han, South Chinese Han and Hakka (Hakka), Vietnam (Kinh) and Minnan (Minnan) all appeared. , blood transmission of ancients in Shandong is continuous

V. Caucasoid DNA distortion in ruins of Yin

According to Tang Jigen, who is in charge of archaeological excavation of Yin Ruins, in "I want to say a few words about Ruin Yin DNA and Ruin Yin race" there is this "Coincidentally, before we signed an agreement with American and Canadian scientists , Chinese geneticists W and J from Institute of Genetics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (since I did not get their consent, I will replace their names with letters) took Find Me Initiative, hoping to cooperate in genetic testing of human bones from Yin ruins. After discussion, we decided to select a small number of samples Shang Dynasty human bones, let's do an experiment first.It should be noted that samples I chose were part of samples that El Moto helped sort out.The experiment was soon completed.W and J came to Anyang specially to show results of experiment.I was shocked Yes: results of genetic analysis of human bones from tomb of merchants on Heihe Road, which I have chosen, are close to human bone tombs from Western Asia made by Japanese scientists earlier. Based on this, W and J suggest that Yinxu traders may be related to Western Asians.

That is, around 1997-2000, Wang Li's group examined DNA of human bones from Yin Ruins (a site on Heihe Street). Humans belong to Caucasian mitochondria.

We will now analyze that reason for such an incorrect result must be same as Wang Li's incorrect judgment in Shandong Guren in 2000. Wang Li miscalculated genetic way of judging people's relatives by distance, which led to East Asian matriarchal types B and F being mistaken for European types. I don't think Wang Li meant it at time. Later, she herself realized fallacy of this method. Some articles published after returning to China did not use this method again.

The rumors circulating on Internet that Yin Ruins did not dare to release white matrilineal DNA after its discovery and even persecuted scientists at time are undoubtedly man-made rumors. This came as a surprise to several researchers involved in discussion at time.